Hi JD,
So tough to determine the "virtual certainty" aspect of 18-1 if you're not there. So many things come into it. i.e. Were they standing in the rough and was there a chance Frank's ball was sitting down and difficult/impossible to see? Stuff like that.
Usually in the rules when they say things like "virtually certain" or "reasonable evidence" they are effectively asking the question "is there a chance it went the other way?" If the answer is no then you get the benefit of doubt. If the answer is yes then you're out of luck.
Good question regarding the possibility of gaining that certainty post round. Perhaps this is relevant:
18-1/4 Spectator Says Ball Was Moved by Outside Agency But Player Not Sure
Q. A spectator tells a player that his ball has been moved by an outside agency. Neither the player nor his caddie was aware the ball had been moved. Is the player obliged to take the spectator’s word and replace the ball on the spot from which the spectator said it was moved?
A. No. In stroke play, if it is impractical to get a decision from the Committee, the player should, under Rule 3-3, hole out both with the original ball and a second ball played from the spot from which the original ball is alleged to have been moved, and request the Committee to decide the matter at the end of the round. In reaching a decision, the Committee should interrogate the spectator, if possible.
In match play, if there is no referee or representative of the Committee available within a reasonable time, the player and his opponent should, if possible, agree on the place from which the player should play his next stroke. If agreement cannot be reached, the player must proceed as he thinks best, and if the opponent does not agree with the action taken, he should lodge a claim under Rule 2-5 so that the Committee may make a decision under Rule 34-3.
While not 100% Frank's scenario it seems like there's some leeway.
Fingers crossed for Frank's victim. I witnessed the same thing a couple of years ago. Dude was walking off the green and a guy playing with us hit a career 3-wood. Nailed the dude in the head on the fly. Dropped him like a bag of rocks. Then his meth head son sprinted back down the fairway with intent to kill us all with, I suspect, nothing more than his pointy ribcage. Tense moments. The father recovered, drove the cart up to rescue us from Junior, gave us a glance, said "that wasn't cool" and drove off. Understatement of the year.